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    <title>Tech and Politics</title>
    <description>One of the most important challenges societies face today is how to make sense of digital media. We are deeply uncertain about their impact: mechanisms, conditions, and opportunities of and for their uses remain unclear. The goal the podcast is to help you to make sense of digital media, the changes it brings, and the challenges it presents. This podcast accompanies the lecture series Digital Media in Politics &amp; Society of the Chair for the Governance of Complex and Innovative Technological Systems at the University of Bamberg.</description>
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    <copyright>Andreas Jungherr</copyright>
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    <itunes:subtitle>Making Sense of Digital Media in Politics and Society</itunes:subtitle>
    <itunes:author>Andreas Jungherr</itunes:author>
    <itunes:type>serial</itunes:type>
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    <itunes:keywords>Digital Media, Politics, Technology and Society, Political Science, Communication Science</itunes:keywords>
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      <itunes:name>Andreas Jungherr</itunes:name>
      <itunes:email>andreas.jungherr@gmail.com</itunes:email>
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    <googleplay:summary>One of the most important challenges societies face today is how to make sense of digital media. We are deeply uncertain about their impact: mechanisms, conditions, and opportunities of and for their uses remain unclear. The goal the podcast is to help you to make sense of digital media, the changes it brings, and the challenges it presents. This podcast accompanies the lecture series Digital Media in Politics &amp; Society of the Chair for the Governance of Complex and Innovative Technological Systems at the University of Bamberg.</googleplay:summary>
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      <title>Artificial intelligence and democracy: Equality, elections, and autocratic competition (once more)</title>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[<div>In which we discuss three further areas where artificial intelligence begins to touch on democracy: equality, elections, and the systemic competition between democracy and autocracy.</div>]]>
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      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Jan 2024 07:45:00 +0100</pubDate>
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        <![CDATA[<div>In this episode, we focus on three further contact areas between AI and democracy at different analytical levels:</div><div><br></div><div>At the group level, AI impacts equality of rights among different groups of people in society.</div><div><br>At the institutional level, AI impacts the perception of elections as a fair and open mechanism for channeling and managing political conflict.</div><div><br>At the systems level, AI impacts competition between democratic and autocratic systems of government.<br><br>Skript: <a href="http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/ai.html#artificial-intelligence-and-equality">http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/ai.html#artificial-intelligence-and-equality</a></div>]]>
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      <atom:link rel="http://podlove.org/deep-link" href="https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/artificial-intelligence-and-democracy-equality-elections-and-autocratic-competition-once-more"/>
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        <psc:chapter start="00:00:00" title="Introduction"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:00:35" title="Artificial intelligence and equality"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:08:15" title="Artificial intelligence and elections"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:15:57" title="Artificial intelligence and the autocratic competition"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:26:33" title="The road ahead"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:32:09" title="Conclusion"/>
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      <itunes:title>Artificial intelligence and democracy: Equality, elections, and autocratic competition (once more)</itunes:title>
      <itunes:duration>00:32:57</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:author>Andreas Jungherr</itunes:author>
      <itunes:season>2</itunes:season>
      <itunes:episode>12</itunes:episode>
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        <![CDATA[<div>In which we discuss three further areas where artificial intelligence begins to touch on democracy: equality, elections, and the systemic competition between democracy and autocracy.</div>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>AI, Artificial Intelligence, Democracy, Autocracy, Equality, Voting, Elections, Organized Uncertainty, China, Social Credit System</itunes:keywords>
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      <title>Artificial intelligence and self-rule (once more)</title>
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        <![CDATA[<div>At the individual level, AI impacts the conditions of democratic self-rule and people’s opportunities to exercise it.</div>]]>
      </description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Jan 2024 09:20:00 +0100</pubDate>
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        <![CDATA[<div>One tenet of democracy is that governments should be chosen by those they will serve. Such self-rule is a normative idea about legitimizing the temporal power of rulers over the ruled and a practical idea that distributed decision making is superior to other more centralized forms of decision making or rule by experts. AI impacts both the ability of people to achieve self-rule and the perceived superiority of distributed decision making over expert rule in complex social systems, highlighting potential limits to self-rule in several ways.<br><br>Skript:&nbsp;<a href="http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/ai.html#artificial-intelligence-and-self-rule">http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/ai.html#artificial-intelligence-and-self-rule</a></div>]]>
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        <psc:chapter start="00:00:00" title="Introduction"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:00:25" title="Artificial intelligence and democracy"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:02:03" title="Artificial intelligence and self-rule"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:02:50" title="Shaping information environments"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:06:31" title="Economics of news"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:11:03" title="Speech"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:15:14" title="Manipulation"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:20:57" title="Expert rule"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:22:52" title="Power of technology companies"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:24:40" title="Conclusion"/>
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      <itunes:title>Artificial intelligence and self-rule (once more)</itunes:title>
      <itunes:duration>00:25:28</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:author>Andreas Jungherr</itunes:author>
      <itunes:season>2</itunes:season>
      <itunes:episode>11</itunes:episode>
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      <itunes:summary>
        <![CDATA[<div>At the individual level, AI impacts the conditions of democratic self-rule and people’s opportunities to exercise it.</div>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>AI, Artificial Intelligence, Democracy, Self-Rule, Speech, News, Manipulation, Tech-Companies, Experts, Expert Rule, Economics of News, Information Environments, Public Arena</itunes:keywords>
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      <title>Conditions for the successful application of artificial intelligence (once more)</title>
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        <![CDATA[<div>The successful application of artificial intelligence depends on a set of preconditions.</div>]]>
      </description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 18 Jan 2024 09:13:00 +0100</pubDate>
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        <![CDATA[<div>The successful application of artificial intelligence depends on a set of preconditions. Some are obvious. For example, to be successful AI needs to be able to access some digital representation of its environment, either through sensors mapping the world or through the input of existing data. Where these representations are difficult to come by or data are scarce, as in many areas of politics, AI will not be successful. Other preconditions are not so obvious. For example, for AI to produce helpful results, the underlying connections between inputs and outputs must be stable over time. This points to two problems: unobserved temporal shifts between variables and the dangers of relying on purely correlative evidence without support of causal models.</div><div><br></div><div>More important still, especially with respect to democracy, is that normatively speaking the past must provide a useful template for the future. Change is a crucial feature of societies, especially the extension of rights and the participation of previously excluded groups. Over time, many societies strive to decrease discrimination and increase equality. In fact, many policies are consciously designed to break with past patterns of discrimination. AI-based predictions and classifications based on past patterns risk replicating systemic inequalities and even structural discrimination.</div><div><br></div><div>Few problems in politics and in democracy more broadly share these characteristics. This limits the application of AI in society and, accordingly, its impact on democracy.<br><br>Skript:&nbsp;<a href="http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/ai.html#conditions-for-the-successful-application-of-artificial-intelligence">http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/ai.html#conditions-for-the-successful-application-of-artificial-intelligence</a></div>]]>
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        <psc:chapter start="00:00:00" title="Introduction"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:00:23" title="Conditions for the successful application of artificial intelligence"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:02:32" title="Machine readable"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:10:02" title="Abundance"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:15:15" title="Stable connections between variables"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:19:00" title="Continuing past inequalities"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:22:29" title="Conclusion"/>
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      <itunes:title>Conditions for the successful application of artificial intelligence (once more)</itunes:title>
      <itunes:duration>00:23:07</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:author>Andreas Jungherr</itunes:author>
      <itunes:season>2</itunes:season>
      <itunes:episode>10</itunes:episode>
      <itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
      <itunes:summary>
        <![CDATA[<div>The successful application of artificial intelligence depends on a set of preconditions.</div>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>Artificial Intelligence, AI, Data, Voting, Prediction</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>no</itunes:explicit>
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      <title>Artificial intelligence and democracy (once more)</title>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[<div>The success and widespread deployment of artificial intelligence (AI) have raised awareness of the technology’s economic, social, and political consequences. The most recent step in AI development -- the application of large language models (LLMs) and other transformer models to the generation of text, image, video, or audio content -- has come to dominate the public imaginary of AI and has accelerated this discussion. But to assess AI’s societal impact meaningfully, we need to look closely at the workings of the underlying technology and identify the areas of contact within democracy.</div>]]>
      </description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Jan 2024 08:45:00 +0100</pubDate>
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        <![CDATA[<div>AI has become a pervasive presence in society. Recent technological advances have allowed for broad deployment of AI-based systems in many different areas of social, economic, and political life. In the process, AI has had - or is expected to have - a deep effect on each area it touches. We see examples in discussions about algorithmic shaping of digital communication environments and the associated deterioration of political discourse; the flooding of the public arena with false or misleading information enabled by generative AI; the future of work and AI’s role in replacement of jobs and related automation-driven unemployment; and AI’s impact on shifting the competitive balance between autocracies and democracies. With these developments, AI has also begun to touch on the very idea and practice of democracy.<br><br>Skript:&nbsp;<a href="http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/ai.html">http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/ai.html</a></div>]]>
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      <link>https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/artificial-intelligence-and-democracy-once-more</link>
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        <psc:chapter start="00:00:00" title="Introduction"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:00:22" title="Artificial intelligence in politics and society"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:03:02" title="What is artificial intelligence?"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:09:12" title="Narrow artificial intelligence versus artificial general intelligence"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:19:40" title="Conclusion"/>
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      <itunes:title>Artificial intelligence and democracy (once more)</itunes:title>
      <itunes:duration>00:20:20</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:author>Andreas Jungherr</itunes:author>
      <itunes:season>2</itunes:season>
      <itunes:episode>9</itunes:episode>
      <itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
      <itunes:summary>
        <![CDATA[<div>The success and widespread deployment of artificial intelligence (AI) have raised awareness of the technology’s economic, social, and political consequences. The most recent step in AI development -- the application of large language models (LLMs) and other transformer models to the generation of text, image, video, or audio content -- has come to dominate the public imaginary of AI and has accelerated this discussion. But to assess AI’s societal impact meaningfully, we need to look closely at the workings of the underlying technology and identify the areas of contact within democracy.</div>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>Artificial Intelligence, AI, Artificial General Intelligence, AGI, Narrow AI, Democracy</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>no</itunes:explicit>
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      <title>Algorithms: Fears &amp; What can we do to improve algorithms use in society?</title>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[<div>In this episode, we focus on remaining fears and challenges associated with algorithms: bubbles and loops, the alignment problem, and opaqueness. We close the discussion of algorithms by an account what can be done to improve their uses in society.</div>]]>
      </description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 07 Dec 2023 09:15:00 +0100</pubDate>
      <enclosure url="https://lcdn.letscast.fm/media/podcast/eb6d594a/episode/ae7128e5.mp3?t=1701783026" length="32244419" type="audio/mpeg"/>
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        <![CDATA[<div>Algorithms are used in ever more societal areas. This raises broad concerns. While in principle algorithms provide a set of clearly defined steps to solve a given problem, their current uses have raised the question whether this is still the case. In the following sections, we will focus on concerns about algorithms trapping people in algorithmically constructed bubbles and loops, the alignment problem, and opaqueness of algorithmic decision making and its consequences.<br><br>But these worries should not distract us and blind us with fear. The use of algorithms in society is not optional. So these issues should point us to improving algorithms and their use, not entertain the illusion of somehow avoiding their use. This includes conscious and informed approaches to mechanism design underlying the algorithm and algorithm auditing and forensics.<br><br>Script: <a href="http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/algorithms.html#bubbles-and-loops">http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/algorithms.html#bubbles-and-loops</a></div>]]>
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      <link>https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/algorithms-fears-what-can-we-do-to-improve-algorithms-use-in-society</link>
      <atom:link rel="http://podlove.org/deep-link" href="https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/algorithms-fears-what-can-we-do-to-improve-algorithms-use-in-society"/>
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        <psc:chapter start="00:00:00" title="Introduction"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:00:36" title="Bubbles and Loops"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:01:12" title="Filter Bubbles"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:05:46" title="Feedback Loops"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:10:48" title="Alignment Problem"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:13:03" title="Scale"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:15:12" title="Opaqueness"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:17:13" title="Transparency"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:19:28" title="What can be done?"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:20:44" title="Mechanism Design"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:21:34" title="Algorithm audits and forensics"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:28:38" title="The promises and the risks of automation"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:33:03" title="Conclusion"/>
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      <itunes:title>Algorithms: Fears &amp; What can we do to improve algorithms use in society?</itunes:title>
      <itunes:duration>00:33:35</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:author>Andreas Jungherr</itunes:author>
      <itunes:season>2</itunes:season>
      <itunes:episode>8</itunes:episode>
      <itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
      <itunes:summary>
        <![CDATA[<div>In this episode, we focus on remaining fears and challenges associated with algorithms: bubbles and loops, the alignment problem, and opaqueness. We close the discussion of algorithms by an account what can be done to improve their uses in society.</div>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>Algorithms, Data, Opaqueness, Transparency, Alignment Problem, Algorithm Audits, Algorithm Forensics, Mechanism Design, Filter Bubbles, Feedback Loops</itunes:keywords>
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      <title>Algorithmic Action &amp; Fairness</title>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[<div>In this episode, we focus on algorithmic action and fairness.</div>]]>
      </description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Dec 2023 09:45:00 +0100</pubDate>
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        <![CDATA[<div>Algorithms need not stop at providing insight or advice, some also can take automated action. These algorithms are designed to process data, make decisions, and execute actions without requiring human intervention at every step.<br><br>Beyond the uses of algorithms, we also need to address risks and fears. One risk is algorithmically enabled unfairness:<br><br>Once algorithms start shaping people's option spaces, the question of fairness emerges. Algorithms make, or at least support, decisions about people spanning various areas of their life: they assign people's credit ratings, they evaluate their job applications, they assess the likelihood of them engaging in criminal activity, or administer welfare benefits. These algorithmic assessments and decisions matter for the choices people have and the way they are treated by institutions of authority. This makes it important that algorithms are treating people fairly.<br><br>Script:&nbsp;<a href="http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/algorithms.html#algorithmic-action">http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/algorithms.html#algorithmic-action</a></div>]]>
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      <link>https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/algorithmic-action-fairness</link>
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        <psc:chapter start="00:00:00" title="Introduction"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:00:18" title="Algorithmic action"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:06:40" title="Example: Algorithmic trading"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:10:22" title="Risks and fears"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:11:15" title="Fairness"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:11:56" title="Defintion: Fairness"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:15:04" title="Sources of unfairness"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:20:10" title="Conclusion"/>
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      <itunes:title>Algorithmic Action &amp; Fairness</itunes:title>
      <itunes:duration>00:21:05</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:author>Andreas Jungherr</itunes:author>
      <itunes:season>2</itunes:season>
      <itunes:episode>7</itunes:episode>
      <itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
      <itunes:summary>
        <![CDATA[<div>In this episode, we focus on algorithmic action and fairness.</div>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>Algorithms, Algorithmic Action, High Frequency Trading, Automation, Fairness, Predictive Policing</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>no</itunes:explicit>
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      <guid isPermaLink="false">27d515e5712640e6a8710181d1db6066</guid>
      <title>Algorithmic Support</title>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[<div>Algorithms are also used to provide suggestions and advice.Iit is helpful to differentiate between algorithms providing advice and suggestions to experts and those providing advice and suggestions for lay people and users of digital communication environments and services.</div>]]>
      </description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 05 Dec 2023 08:45:00 +0100</pubDate>
      <enclosure url="https://lcdn.letscast.fm/media/podcast/eb6d594a/episode/6b50b120.mp3?t=1701621181" length="17858964" type="audio/mpeg"/>
      <content:encoded>
        <![CDATA[<div>Algorithms are also used to provide suggestions and advice. This includes algorithms that suggest courses of action or scenarios about future developments based on regularities identified in past data. Examples include algorithms that recommend users of digital media platforms content of potential interest, algorithms that advice police forces on where to expect a concentration of criminal activity, or algorithms that advice doctors on whether specific symptoms indicate a specific disease. Algorithms play a crucial role in decision-making processes across various sectors, helping individuals and organizations to make informed choices by offering data-driven suggestions.</div><div><br></div><div>In discussing these algorithms, their uses, effects, and evaluation, it is helpful to differentiate between algorithms providing advice and suggestions to experts and those providing advice and suggestions for lay people and users of digital communication environments and services.<br><br>Script:&nbsp;<a href="http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/algorithms.html#algorithmic-support">http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/algorithms.html#algorithmic-support</a></div>]]>
      </content:encoded>
      <link>https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/algorithmic-support</link>
      <atom:link rel="http://podlove.org/deep-link" href="https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/algorithmic-support"/>
      <psc:chapters xmlns:psc="http://podlove.org/simple-chapters" version="1.2">
        <psc:chapter start="00:00:00" title="Introduction"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:00:19" title="Algorithmic support"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:01:34" title="Algorithmic support for experts"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:07:22" title="Example: Predictive policing"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:09:31" title="Algorithmic support for non-experts"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:14:02" title="Example: Algorithmic recommendation"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:17:58" title="Conclusion"/>
      </psc:chapters>
      <itunes:title>Algorithmic Support</itunes:title>
      <itunes:duration>00:18:36</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:author>Andreas Jungherr</itunes:author>
      <itunes:season>2</itunes:season>
      <itunes:episode>6</itunes:episode>
      <itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
      <itunes:summary>
        <![CDATA[<div>Algorithms are also used to provide suggestions and advice.Iit is helpful to differentiate between algorithms providing advice and suggestions to experts and those providing advice and suggestions for lay people and users of digital communication environments and services.</div>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>Data, Algorithms, Algorithmic Support, Recommendation Systems, Predictive Policing</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>no</itunes:explicit>
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    <item>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">6c12ef909c1044e9932bf95089757341</guid>
      <title>Algorithms</title>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[<div>Algorithms are sets of steps by which to solve pre-defined tasks. Today the term appears predominantly in connection with computing. Algorithms allow computers to perform tasks. They are crucial in the advances of computer-enabled analysis and automation.</div>]]>
      </description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 04 Dec 2023 09:30:00 +0100</pubDate>
      <enclosure url="https://lcdn.letscast.fm/media/podcast/eb6d594a/episode/f760ed65.mp3?t=1701466351" length="22043535" type="audio/mpeg"/>
      <content:encoded>
        <![CDATA[<div>The uses of algorithms vary widely. Algorithms can identify patterns in data, surfacing hidden connections between phenomena or actions. Similarly, algorithms can also be used to automate actions. Based on rules learned from past data, algorithms can automatically present people with specific options.<br><br></div><div>Algorithms thus help us understand the world better and interact with it more efficiently. But algorithms are also a source of worry. How can we be sure that patterns identified from data documenting the past should be replicated in the present or future? How can we know what the algorithm learns from data? And how can we be sure that the actions taken by algorithms conform with the goals, with which we have designed and deployed them?<br><br>Script: <a href="http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/algorithms.html">http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/algorithms.html</a></div>]]>
      </content:encoded>
      <link>https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/algorithms</link>
      <atom:link rel="http://podlove.org/deep-link" href="https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/algorithms"/>
      <psc:chapters xmlns:psc="http://podlove.org/simple-chapters" version="1.2">
        <psc:chapter start="00:00:00" title="Introduction"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:00:22" title="The stidy of algorithms"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:03:32" title="What are algorithms?"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:08:40" title="Algorithms: A defintion"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:12:25" title="Algorithmic insight"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:14:02" title="Example: Identifying campaign donors, K-Nearest Neighbors"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:16:09" title="Example: Identifying campaign donors, machine learning"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:19:25" title="Example: Algorithms, Obama, and the aftershocks"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:22:17" title="Conclusion"/>
      </psc:chapters>
      <itunes:title>Algorithms</itunes:title>
      <itunes:duration>00:22:58</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:author>Andreas Jungherr</itunes:author>
      <itunes:season>2</itunes:season>
      <itunes:episode>5</itunes:episode>
      <itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
      <itunes:summary>
        <![CDATA[<div>Algorithms are sets of steps by which to solve pre-defined tasks. Today the term appears predominantly in connection with computing. Algorithms allow computers to perform tasks. They are crucial in the advances of computer-enabled analysis and automation.</div>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>Algorithms, Algorithmic insight, Data, Machine learning, Barack Obama, Political donations, Campaigning</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>no</itunes:explicit>
      <itunes:block>no</itunes:block>
      <googleplay:explicit>no</googleplay:explicit>
      <googleplay:block>no</googleplay:block>
      <podcast:chapters url="https://letscast.fm/podcasts/tech-and-politics-0fbe6359/episodes/algorithms/chapters.json" type="application/json+chapters"/>
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    <item>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">8c61d3be1b754d0c98488294e7eda0c3</guid>
      <title>Privacy</title>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[<div>This episode sketches the tensions that arise from the drive to generate data-enabled insights and people's expectations and rights to privacy.</div>]]>
      </description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 16 Nov 2023 09:07:00 +0100</pubDate>
      <enclosure url="https://lcdn.letscast.fm/media/podcast/eb6d594a/episode/55085ca4.mp3?t=1700084765" length="21354308" type="audio/mpeg"/>
      <content:encoded>
        <![CDATA[<div>The natural corollary to quantification and data-driven insight and capabilities is privacy. The simple formula is the more data, the greater the potential analytical insights, the greater the capacity of organizations, companies, or states to make profits, shape people's option spaces, or the future. People's interests and rights in keeping aspects of their lives, character traits, interests, and behavior private can appear as an annoying speed-bump on the road to greater capacity and profits. This is especially relevant in the collection and use of data documenting people's uses of digital devices or services.</div><div><br></div><div>New capabilities in data collection, retention, and their uses raise hopes and desires within companies and governments for access to ever more data on ever more users on ever more aspects of the world. But here, interests between companies, governments, and users do not necessarily align and might in fact diverge. Greater capacity of companies and governments might run counter to the interests and rights of people who find themselves documented in data.<br><br>Script:&nbsp;<a href="http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/data.html#privacy">http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/data.html#privacy</a></div>]]>
      </content:encoded>
      <link>https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/privacy</link>
      <atom:link rel="http://podlove.org/deep-link" href="https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/privacy"/>
      <psc:chapters xmlns:psc="http://podlove.org/simple-chapters" version="1.2">
        <psc:chapter start="00:00:00" title="Introduction"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:00:22" title="Privacy"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:03:59" title="Threats to privacy"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:05:27" title="Cambridge Analytica"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:08:29" title="Privacy and information systems"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:15:02" title="Promises and limits of quantification and data in the study of the social and political world"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:21:36" title="Conclusion"/>
      </psc:chapters>
      <itunes:title>Privacy</itunes:title>
      <itunes:duration>00:22:15</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:author>Andreas Jungherr</itunes:author>
      <itunes:season>2</itunes:season>
      <itunes:episode>4</itunes:episode>
      <itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
      <itunes:summary>
        <![CDATA[<div>This episode sketches the tensions that arise from the drive to generate data-enabled insights and people's expectations and rights to privacy.</div>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>Digital Media, Social Science, Data, Measurement, Privacy</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>no</itunes:explicit>
      <itunes:block>no</itunes:block>
      <googleplay:explicit>no</googleplay:explicit>
      <googleplay:block>no</googleplay:block>
      <podcast:chapters url="https://letscast.fm/podcasts/tech-and-politics-0fbe6359/episodes/privacy/chapters.json" type="application/json+chapters"/>
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    <item>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">64b8c76552bc42b28cefbc17aa3b0797</guid>
      <title>Observing and shaping the world with data</title>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[<div>Data provide a reduced representation of the world and promise to uncover hidden patterns and connections between entities that remain invisible in their full, unreduced manifestation in the world. This allows people and organizations to make sense of the world, and increase their level of control.</div>]]>
      </description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 15 Nov 2023 09:15:00 +0100</pubDate>
      <enclosure url="https://lcdn.letscast.fm/media/podcast/eb6d594a/episode/a02a9f91.mp3?t=1699997837" length="22375862" type="audio/mpeg"/>
      <content:encoded>
        <![CDATA[<div>Data provide a reduced representation of the world and promise to uncover hidden patterns and connections between entities that remain invisible in their full, unreduced manifestation in the world. This allows people and organizations to make sense of the world, and increase their level of control. But data do not only allow people and organizations to see the world, they also allow them to shape the future. Building mathematical models of the world, provides new ways to form expectations about relevant future developments as well as effects of specific actions and interventions. Having access to better models about the world allows people and organizations to position themselves with greater foresight in the world regarding future developments and effects of their actions. This allows them to outperform the competition and shape the future according to their interests.<br><br>Script: <a href="http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/data.html#observing-the-world-through-data">http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/data.html#observing-the-world-through-data</a></div>]]>
      </content:encoded>
      <link>https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/observing-and-shaping-the-world-with-data</link>
      <atom:link rel="http://podlove.org/deep-link" href="https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/observing-and-shaping-the-world-with-data"/>
      <psc:chapters xmlns:psc="http://podlove.org/simple-chapters" version="1.2">
        <psc:chapter start="00:00:00" title="Introduction"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:00:19" title="Observing the world through data"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:04:25" title="Example: Campaign dashboards"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:07:42" title="Metrics"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:13:08" title="Shaping the future through data"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:13:19" title="Models"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:18:56" title="Example: Prediction in campaigning"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:22:36" title="Conclusion"/>
      </psc:chapters>
      <itunes:title>Observing and shaping the world with data</itunes:title>
      <itunes:duration>00:23:18</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:author>Andreas Jungherr</itunes:author>
      <itunes:season>2</itunes:season>
      <itunes:episode>3</itunes:episode>
      <itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
      <itunes:summary>
        <![CDATA[<div>Data provide a reduced representation of the world and promise to uncover hidden patterns and connections between entities that remain invisible in their full, unreduced manifestation in the world. This allows people and organizations to make sense of the world, and increase their level of control.</div>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>Digital Media, Social Science, Data, Measurement, Metrics, Models, Quantification</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>no</itunes:explicit>
      <itunes:block>no</itunes:block>
      <googleplay:explicit>no</googleplay:explicit>
      <googleplay:block>no</googleplay:block>
      <podcast:chapters url="https://letscast.fm/podcasts/tech-and-politics-0fbe6359/episodes/observing-and-shaping-the-world-with-data/chapters.json" type="application/json+chapters"/>
    </item>
    <item>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">30b0fa87198f4d32b25858ae3abea89d</guid>
      <title>Measurement</title>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[<div>Quantification makes some things visible, while hiding others. To better understand this process, we have to examine how things become numbers, we have to examine measurement.</div>]]>
      </description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 14 Nov 2023 09:10:00 +0100</pubDate>
      <enclosure url="https://lcdn.letscast.fm/media/podcast/eb6d594a/episode/5874381d.mp3?t=1699908579" length="17621201" type="audio/mpeg"/>
      <content:encoded>
        <![CDATA[<div>By translating observations into numbers, quantification provides opportunities for new and important insights about the world and objects of interest. But as with any translation, making entities and phenomena countable means also losing some of their features. Quantification makes some things visible, while hiding others. To better understand this process, we have to examine how things become numbers, we have to examine measurement.</div>]]>
      </content:encoded>
      <link>https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/measurement</link>
      <atom:link rel="http://podlove.org/deep-link" href="https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/measurement"/>
      <psc:chapters xmlns:psc="http://podlove.org/simple-chapters" version="1.2">
        <psc:chapter start="00:00:00" title="Introduction"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:00:17" title="Measurement"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:02:30" title="Representational measurement"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:04:23" title="Pragmatic measurement"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:06:23" title="Example: Libertarianism"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:08:34" title="Example: Public opinion"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:12:44" title="Validity"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:13:16" title="Reliability"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:13:54" title="Bias"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:15:08" title="Strategic adaptation"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:16:47" title="Conclusion"/>
      </psc:chapters>
      <itunes:title>Measurement</itunes:title>
      <itunes:duration>00:18:21</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:author>Andreas Jungherr</itunes:author>
      <itunes:season>2</itunes:season>
      <itunes:episode>2</itunes:episode>
      <itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
      <itunes:summary>
        <![CDATA[<div>Quantification makes some things visible, while hiding others. To better understand this process, we have to examine how things become numbers, we have to examine measurement.</div>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>Digital Media, Social Science, Data, Measurement, Bias, Quantification</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>no</itunes:explicit>
      <itunes:block>no</itunes:block>
      <googleplay:explicit>no</googleplay:explicit>
      <googleplay:block>no</googleplay:block>
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      <guid isPermaLink="false">5a4401e1fea046d58b5118284d22b49e</guid>
      <title>Data</title>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[<div>Data are crucial for the discussion of politics and digital media. Understanding the core concepts and issues arising from the quantification of social and political life and the resulting data is important for engaging in many of the subsequent controversies of the uses of digital media in politics.</div>]]>
      </description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Nov 2023 09:30:00 +0100</pubDate>
      <enclosure url="https://lcdn.letscast.fm/media/podcast/eb6d594a/episode/a55da062.mp3?t=1699824280" length="22519264" type="audio/mpeg"/>
      <content:encoded>
        <![CDATA[<div>Data are crucial for the discussion of politics and digital media. Understanding the core concepts and issues arising from the quantification of social and political life and the resulting data is important for engaging in many of the subsequent controversies of the uses of digital media in politics. Digital media, devices, and sensors collect data documenting the world, society, and human behavior. This has been seen by some as a measurement revolution, providing many new avenues for the social sciences as well as new business opportunities in the economy. Perceived potentials and dangers in the increases in the volume and breadth of coverage of digital data are broadly discussed, but it is also important to examine how these new data sources relate to the social or behavioral phenomena they supposedly cover. New data riches have to be translated into meaningful measures of phenomena of interest and society.<br><br>In this episode, we will discuss core issues arising from the quantification of social and political life. Following this, we will discuss opportunities and limitations of big data.<br><br>Script:&nbsp;<a href="http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/data.html">http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/data.html</a></div>]]>
      </content:encoded>
      <link>https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/data</link>
      <atom:link rel="http://podlove.org/deep-link" href="https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/data"/>
      <psc:chapters xmlns:psc="http://podlove.org/simple-chapters" version="1.2">
        <psc:chapter start="00:00:00" title="Introduction"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:03:30" title="Data"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:06:17" title="Quantification"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:09:44" title="Big Data"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:16:23" title="Digital Trace Data"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:18:15" title="Bias"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:22:48" title="Conclusion"/>
      </psc:chapters>
      <itunes:title>Data</itunes:title>
      <itunes:duration>00:23:27</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:author>Andreas Jungherr</itunes:author>
      <itunes:season>2</itunes:season>
      <itunes:episode>1</itunes:episode>
      <itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
      <itunes:summary>
        <![CDATA[<div>Data are crucial for the discussion of politics and digital media. Understanding the core concepts and issues arising from the quantification of social and political life and the resulting data is important for engaging in many of the subsequent controversies of the uses of digital media in politics.</div>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>Data, Big Data, Digital Trace Data, Measurement, Quantification</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>no</itunes:explicit>
      <itunes:block>no</itunes:block>
      <googleplay:explicit>no</googleplay:explicit>
      <googleplay:block>no</googleplay:block>
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      <guid isPermaLink="false">1320be8247694c98b31f2801589e363b</guid>
      <title>Digitaler Wandel im Kaleidoskop der Sozialwissenschaft</title>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[<div>Keynote zur Gemeinsamen Jahrestagung der DGPuK-Fachgruppe Journalistik/Journalismusforschung, der DGPuK-Fachgruppe Kommunikation und Politik, dem Arbeitskreis Politik und Kommunikation (DVPW) und der Fachgruppe Politische Kommunikation (SGKM) an der Universität Trier vom 29. September 2022.</div>]]>
      </description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 04 Oct 2022 08:30:00 +0200</pubDate>
      <enclosure url="https://lcdn.letscast.fm/media/podcast/eb6d594a/episode/f0d410d6.mp3?t=1664705675" length="31268324" type="audio/mpeg"/>
      <content:encoded>
        <![CDATA[<div>Unterschiedliche Sozialwissenschaften stehen vor einer geteilten Aufgabe:<br><br>Wie können wir den digitalen Wandel und den Wandel durch das Digitale in Journalismus und politischer Kommunikation abbilden und wie können wir die zugrundeliegenden Dynamiken und Effekte erklärbar machen?<br><br>In dieser Episode diskutiere ich einige der damit verbundenen Herausforderungen und Ansätze wie sich das Feld gemeinsam dieser Aufgabe stellen kann.<br><br>Skript:<br><a href="https://andreasjungherr.net/2022/10/04/keynote-digitaler-wandel-im-kaleidoskop-der-sozialwissenschaft/">https://andreasjungherr.net/2022/10/04/keynote-digitaler-wandel-im-kaleidoskop-der-sozialwissenschaft</a>&nbsp;</div>]]>
      </content:encoded>
      <link>https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/digitaler-wandel-im-kaleidoskop-der-sozialwissenschaft</link>
      <atom:link rel="http://podlove.org/deep-link" href="https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/digitaler-wandel-im-kaleidoskop-der-sozialwissenschaft"/>
      <psc:chapters xmlns:psc="http://podlove.org/simple-chapters" version="1.2">
        <psc:chapter start="00:00:00" title="Einleitung"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:00:49" title="Wie kann die Sozialwissenschaft digitalen Wandel und den Wandel durch das Digitale abbilden und erklären?"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:05:10" title="Wissenschaft im Wettbewerb der Erklärungen"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:14:23" title="Das Prisma sozialwissenschaftlicher Forschung"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:22:18" title="Digitale Desinformation durch das Prisma der Sozialwissenschaft"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:29:18" title="Sozialwissenschaftliche Perspektiven nicht als Prisma sondern als Kaleidoskop"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:32:12" title="Schluss"/>
      </psc:chapters>
      <itunes:title>Digitaler Wandel im Kaleidoskop der Sozialwissenschaft</itunes:title>
      <itunes:duration>00:32:34</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:author>Andreas Jungherr</itunes:author>
      <itunes:season>1</itunes:season>
      <itunes:episode>22</itunes:episode>
      <itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
      <itunes:summary>
        <![CDATA[<div>Keynote zur Gemeinsamen Jahrestagung der DGPuK-Fachgruppe Journalistik/Journalismusforschung, der DGPuK-Fachgruppe Kommunikation und Politik, dem Arbeitskreis Politik und Kommunikation (DVPW) und der Fachgruppe Politische Kommunikation (SGKM) an der Universität Trier vom 29. September 2022.</div>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>Digital Media, Social Science, Disinformation, Science, Transfer, Epistemic Authority, DGPuK. DVPW, SGKM, Keynote</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>no</itunes:explicit>
      <itunes:block>no</itunes:block>
      <googleplay:explicit>no</googleplay:explicit>
      <googleplay:block>no</googleplay:block>
      <podcast:chapters url="https://letscast.fm/podcasts/tech-and-politics-0fbe6359/episodes/digitaler-wandel-im-kaleidoskop-der-sozialwissenschaft/chapters.json" type="application/json+chapters"/>
    </item>
    <item>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">c8062f84d8eb47d7ab69b6d715753524</guid>
      <title>The public arena examined</title>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[<div>In this episode, we look at three studies illustrating how to approach different aspects of the contemporary public arena empirically.</div>]]>
      </description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 Jul 2022 21:00:00 +0200</pubDate>
      <enclosure url="https://lcdn.letscast.fm/media/podcast/eb6d594a/episode/00c3b326.mp3?t=1658171839" length="23922337" type="audio/mpeg"/>
      <content:encoded>
        <![CDATA[<div>The public arena is a crucial element of democratic societies, linking communication to political competition and democratic representation. It comes as no surprise then to find that the concept has inspired massive research activity. The digital transformation of the public arena has featured very prominently in recent research. The diversity of interests, approaches, and methods in studies on the contemporary digitally extended public arena mirrors the richness of the concept and its related areas.<br><br>To get a better sense of different approaches by which to examine the contemporary public arena empirically, we now turn to three studies that address related questions.<br><br><strong>Chapters:<br></strong><br>00:00 - Introduction<br>00:21 - The public arena examined<br>01:44 - Limits to attention<br>07:19 - Digital shaping of behavior<br>13:23 - Contesting narratives<br>19:36 - The contemporary public arena<br>24:16 - Conclusion<br><br>Script:<br><br><a href="http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/public_arena.html#the-public-arena-examined">http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/public_arena.html#the-public-arena-examined</a></div>]]>
      </content:encoded>
      <link>https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/the-public-arena-examined</link>
      <atom:link rel="http://podlove.org/deep-link" href="https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/the-public-arena-examined"/>
      <psc:chapters xmlns:psc="http://podlove.org/simple-chapters" version="1.2">
        <psc:chapter start="00:00:00" title="Introduction"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:00:21" title="The public arena examined"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:01:44" title="Limits to attention"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:07:19" title="Digital shaping of behavior"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:13:23" title="Contesting narratives"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:19:36" title="The contemporary public arena"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:24:16" title="Conclusion"/>
      </psc:chapters>
      <itunes:title>The public arena examined</itunes:title>
      <itunes:duration>00:24:55</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:author>Andreas Jungherr</itunes:author>
      <itunes:season>1</itunes:season>
      <itunes:episode>21</itunes:episode>
      <itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
      <itunes:summary>
        <![CDATA[<div>In this episode, we look at three studies illustrating how to approach different aspects of the contemporary public arena empirically.</div>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>Public Arena, Digital Media</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>no</itunes:explicit>
      <itunes:block>no</itunes:block>
      <googleplay:explicit>no</googleplay:explicit>
      <googleplay:block>no</googleplay:block>
      <podcast:chapters url="https://letscast.fm/podcasts/tech-and-politics-0fbe6359/episodes/the-public-arena-examined/chapters.json" type="application/json+chapters"/>
    </item>
    <item>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">8f61ac163fe1467dadd88f7c039b5a69</guid>
      <title>Digital structures of the public arena</title>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[<div>Digital media have not only challenged the position of traditional structures of the public arena. Digital media have also led to the emergence of new structures hosting the contemporary public arena in digital communication environments. In this episode, we discuss some of the most pressing challenges raised by the digital extension of the public arena.</div>]]>
      </description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 17 Jul 2022 20:00:00 +0200</pubDate>
      <enclosure url="https://lcdn.letscast.fm/media/podcast/eb6d594a/episode/b5342936.mp3?t=1658083551" length="24255045" type="audio/mpeg"/>
      <content:encoded>
        <![CDATA[<div>This includes sites like Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, Twitter, and YouTube that allow people and competitors within the public arena to publish information and to reach large audiences. But this also includes companies that provide the means for people to run their own sites contributing information and commentary to the public arena. This includes services that allow the comparatively cheap hosting of sites or Apps - like Amazon Web Services - allowing people to run their own sites. Or services that provide them with the opportunity to monetize information or services - like PayPal or Patreon. Also services facilitating the hosting of digital ads contribute to the digital extension of the public arena. Digital ads contribute to the monetization of sites by allowing the owner to host ads and get payed for impressions and clickthroughs. They also support the new structures by allowing their owners to run ads themselves and create easy access points to their sites and information on sites like Facebook, Google, or Twitter, where their information might otherwise not have been able to reach an interested public.<br><br>These new structures are important for the new digitally extended public arena. But in their characteristics they deviate from structures that formerly hosted the public arena, news media, and follow different rules. This raises challenges in developing normative goals and binding governance rules assuring their contribution to the public arena strengthens instead of weakens it.<br><br><strong>Chapters:<br></strong><br>00:00 - Introduction<br>00:20 - Digital structures of the public arena<br>02:21 - Responsibilities of digital structures for the public arena<br>10:08 - Algorithmic shaping of user behavior in the public arena<br>17:12 - Geopolitics of digital structures<br>24:32 - Conclusion<br><br>Script:<br><br><a href="http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/public_arena.html#digital-structures-of-the-public-arena">http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/public_arena.html#digital-structures-of-the-public-arena</a></div>]]>
      </content:encoded>
      <link>https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/digital-structures-of-the-public-arena</link>
      <atom:link rel="http://podlove.org/deep-link" href="https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/digital-structures-of-the-public-arena"/>
      <psc:chapters xmlns:psc="http://podlove.org/simple-chapters" version="1.2">
        <psc:chapter start="00:00:00" title="Introduction"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:00:20" title="Digital structures of the public arena"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:02:21" title="Responsibilities of digital structures for the public arena"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:10:08" title="Algorithmic shaping of user behavior in the public arena"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:17:12" title="Geopolitics of digital structures"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:24:32" title="Conclusion"/>
      </psc:chapters>
      <itunes:title>Digital structures of the public arena</itunes:title>
      <itunes:duration>00:25:16</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:author>Andreas Jungherr</itunes:author>
      <itunes:season>1</itunes:season>
      <itunes:episode>20</itunes:episode>
      <itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
      <itunes:summary>
        <![CDATA[<div>Digital media have not only challenged the position of traditional structures of the public arena. Digital media have also led to the emergence of new structures hosting the contemporary public arena in digital communication environments. In this episode, we discuss some of the most pressing challenges raised by the digital extension of the public arena.</div>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>Digital Media, Public Arena, Platforms, Governance, Regulation, Geopolitics, Algorithms, Filter Bubble</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>no</itunes:explicit>
      <itunes:block>no</itunes:block>
      <googleplay:explicit>no</googleplay:explicit>
      <googleplay:block>no</googleplay:block>
      <podcast:chapters url="https://letscast.fm/podcasts/tech-and-politics-0fbe6359/episodes/digital-structures-of-the-public-arena/chapters.json" type="application/json+chapters"/>
    </item>
    <item>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">fb938256f9fd4fda87f1aabcd27a9efd</guid>
      <title>News media as structures of the public arena</title>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[<div>In this episode, we discuss the impact of digital media on one of the most important structures hosting the public arena, the news media.</div>]]>
      </description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 14 Jul 2022 15:00:00 +0200</pubDate>
      <enclosure url="https://lcdn.letscast.fm/media/podcast/eb6d594a/episode/ee26d2e9.mp3?t=1657803897" length="23161234" type="audio/mpeg"/>
      <content:encoded>
        <![CDATA[<div>From the eighteenth century onward, news media have been crucial structures hosting the public arena in Western societies. They provided information, made elites visible to publics, and publics visible to elites and to each other. In this, they never functioned without fault or were completely free from power structures in society. Their role, beneficial and detrimental, in hosting the public arena and serving democracy over time and in different countries has been well established. But for our purposes here, we will focus on three features of news media that matter strongly for the contemporary public arena:&nbsp;</div><ul><li>The role of news media as an institution;&nbsp;</li><li>The economic foundations of news; and&nbsp;</li><li>The emergence of alternative news media in the public arena.</li></ul><div><strong>Chapters:</strong><br><br>00:00 - Introduction<br>00:22 - News media as structures of the public arena<br>01:14 - News media as institutions<br>09:23 - Economic foundations of the news<br>16:23 - Alternative news media in the public arena<br>23:24 - Conclusion<br><br>Script:<br><br><a href="http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/public_arena.html#news-media-as-structures-of-the-public-arena">http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/public_arena.html#news-media-as-structures-of-the-public-arena</a></div>]]>
      </content:encoded>
      <link>https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/news-media-as-structures-of-the-public-arena</link>
      <atom:link rel="http://podlove.org/deep-link" href="https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/news-media-as-structures-of-the-public-arena"/>
      <psc:chapters xmlns:psc="http://podlove.org/simple-chapters" version="1.2">
        <psc:chapter start="00:00:00" title="Introduction"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:00:22" title="News media as structures of the public arena"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:01:14" title="News media as institutions"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:09:23" title="Economic foundations of the news"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:16:23" title="Alternative news media in the public arena"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:23:24" title="Conclusion"/>
      </psc:chapters>
      <itunes:title>News media as structures of the public arena</itunes:title>
      <itunes:duration>00:24:08</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:author>Andreas Jungherr</itunes:author>
      <itunes:season>1</itunes:season>
      <itunes:episode>19</itunes:episode>
      <itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
      <itunes:summary>
        <![CDATA[<div>In this episode, we discuss the impact of digital media on one of the most important structures hosting the public arena, the news media.</div>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>Digital Media, Public Arena, News Media, Business of News, Two-Sided Markets</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>no</itunes:explicit>
      <itunes:block>no</itunes:block>
      <googleplay:explicit>no</googleplay:explicit>
      <googleplay:block>no</googleplay:block>
      <podcast:chapters url="https://letscast.fm/podcasts/tech-and-politics-0fbe6359/episodes/news-media-as-structures-of-the-public-arena/chapters.json" type="application/json+chapters"/>
    </item>
    <item>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">3c3976c3431d40de9dc807c578430208</guid>
      <title>The public arena</title>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[<div>Democratic societies need spaces in which people and political elites become visible to each other, develop shared agendas, and settle on collectively binding decisions. These spaces are the public arena.</div>]]>
      </description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 13 Jul 2022 21:00:00 +0200</pubDate>
      <enclosure url="https://lcdn.letscast.fm/media/podcast/eb6d594a/episode/38cffa40.mp3?t=1657736344" length="21758507" type="audio/mpeg"/>
      <content:encoded>
        <![CDATA[<div>The digital transformation of the public arena is one of the most important challenges democratic societies face today. Associated opportunities and hopes, but also dangers and fears, feature prominently in public discussions. In this and the following three episodes, we will discuss the public arena, its democratic functions, and challenges introduced by digital media. This discussion is just getting started, so be prepared to leave with more questions than answers.<br><br><strong>Chapters:</strong><br><br>00:00 - Introduction<br>00:22 - The public arena<br>03:32 - The public arena defined<br>11:06 - The functions of the public arena for democracy<br>14:46 - Visibility and representation<br>17:22 - Group formation<br>18:52 - Problem solving<br>21:54 - Conclusion<br><br>Script:<br><br><a href="http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/public_arena.html#the-public-arena">http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/public_arena.html#the-public-arena</a></div>]]>
      </content:encoded>
      <link>https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/the-public-arena</link>
      <atom:link rel="http://podlove.org/deep-link" href="https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/the-public-arena"/>
      <psc:chapters xmlns:psc="http://podlove.org/simple-chapters" version="1.2">
        <psc:chapter start="00:00:00" title="Introduction"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:00:22" title="The public arena"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:03:32" title="The public arena defined"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:11:06" title="The functions of the public arena for democracy"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:14:46" title="Visibility and representation"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:17:22" title="Group formation"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:18:52" title="Problem solving"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:21:54" title="Conclusion"/>
      </psc:chapters>
      <itunes:title>The public arena</itunes:title>
      <itunes:duration>00:22:40</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:author>Andreas Jungherr</itunes:author>
      <itunes:season>1</itunes:season>
      <itunes:episode>18</itunes:episode>
      <itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
      <itunes:summary>
        <![CDATA[<div>Democratic societies need spaces in which people and political elites become visible to each other, develop shared agendas, and settle on collectively binding decisions. These spaces are the public arena.</div>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>Digital Media, Public Arena, Öffentlichkeit, Democracy</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>no</itunes:explicit>
      <itunes:block>no</itunes:block>
      <googleplay:explicit>no</googleplay:explicit>
      <googleplay:block>no</googleplay:block>
      <podcast:chapters url="https://letscast.fm/podcasts/tech-and-politics-0fbe6359/episodes/the-public-arena/chapters.json" type="application/json+chapters"/>
    </item>
    <item>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">82de57415d784036802abc2f98cb771a</guid>
      <title>Challenges reexamined</title>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[<div>In this episode, we will focus on how digitally enabled challenges fail and how to assess their legitimacy and impact on democracy.</div>]]>
      </description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Jun 2022 06:00:00 +0200</pubDate>
      <enclosure url="https://lcdn.letscast.fm/media/podcast/eb6d594a/episode/7f15c7da.mp3?t=1656531180" length="17383326" type="audio/mpeg"/>
      <content:encoded>
        <![CDATA[<div>We have talked extensively about how digital media enable challenges to institutions. But of course this alone does not guarantee their success. Yes, digital media might help identify and document the weaknesses of institutions, their crises and conflicts. They might help challenges to form, being brought forward, and reach a broad public. But success of challenges is of course not determined by these opportunities alone. Instead, success relies on various context conditions and their specific structural embeddedness.&nbsp;</div><div>&nbsp;</div><div>The other question, we repeatedly ran into was how to assess challenges. As we have seen, some challenges might be judged as strengthening democracy and empowering people, while others might achieve the opposite. Now, how can we as researchers adress this question? Without of course attributing the challenges we happen to sympathize with strengthening effects and those we dislike detrimental effects.&nbsp;</div><div>&nbsp;</div><div>We will focus on these two questions in the final part of this episode.<br><br><strong>Chapters:</strong><br><br>00:00 - Introduction<br>00:19 - Challenges reexamined<br>01:25 - How challenges fail<br>07:00 - How to judge the legitimacy of challenges?<br>13:09 - Understanding the role of digital media in the challenge to institutions<br>17:27 - Conclusion<br><br><strong>Script:</strong><br><br><a href="http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/challenge.html#challenges-reexamined">http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/challenge.html#challenges-reexamined</a></div>]]>
      </content:encoded>
      <link>https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/challenges-reexamined</link>
      <atom:link rel="http://podlove.org/deep-link" href="https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/challenges-reexamined"/>
      <psc:chapters xmlns:psc="http://podlove.org/simple-chapters" version="1.2">
        <psc:chapter start="00:00:00" title="Introduction"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:00:19" title="Challenges reexamined"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:01:25" title="How challenges fail"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:07:00" title="How to judge the legitimacy of challenges?"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:13:09" title="Understanding the role of digital media in the challenge to institutions"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:17:27" title="Conclusion"/>
      </psc:chapters>
      <itunes:title>Challenges reexamined</itunes:title>
      <itunes:duration>00:18:06</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:author>Andreas Jungherr</itunes:author>
      <itunes:season>1</itunes:season>
      <itunes:episode>17</itunes:episode>
      <itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
      <itunes:summary>
        <![CDATA[<div>In this episode, we will focus on how digitally enabled challenges fail and how to assess their legitimacy and impact on democracy.</div>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>Digital media, Challenge, Institutions, Success, Norms, Democracy</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>no</itunes:explicit>
      <itunes:block>no</itunes:block>
      <googleplay:explicit>no</googleplay:explicit>
      <googleplay:block>no</googleplay:block>
      <podcast:chapters url="https://letscast.fm/podcasts/tech-and-politics-0fbe6359/episodes/challenges-reexamined/chapters.json" type="application/json+chapters"/>
    </item>
    <item>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">6385062b35584db2892194c9b83c189c</guid>
      <title>Crisis, conflict, and the digital challenge to parties</title>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[<div>In this episode, we will focus on digitally enabled challenges to political parties.</div>]]>
      </description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Jun 2022 17:00:00 +0200</pubDate>
      <enclosure url="https://lcdn.letscast.fm/media/podcast/eb6d594a/episode/4abb8537.mp3?t=1656514263" length="19618548" type="audio/mpeg"/>
      <content:encoded>
        <![CDATA[<div>We see parties being challenged all over Western democracies. The analytical tools discussed above help us in charting and analyzing these challenges. These tools are:&nbsp;</div><div>&nbsp;</div><div>- crisis and conflict in intermediary institutions, and&nbsp;</div><div>- emergence of new parties or factions within parties adapted to the new opportunities provided by lowered information and coordination costs.&nbsp;</div><div>&nbsp;</div><div>In this episode, we will apply these tools to better understand the challenge to parties.<br><br><strong>Chapters:<br></strong><br>00:00 - Introduction<br>00:18 - Crisis, conflict, and the digital challenge to parties<br>00:49 - Signs of crisis and conflict of parties as institutions<br>07:49 - Challenge through information<br>14:02 - Challenge through coordination<br>19:47 - Conclusion<br><br><strong>Script:<br></strong><br><a href="http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/challenge.html#crisis-conflict-and-the-digital-challenge-to-parties">http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/challenge.html#crisis-conflict-and-the-digital-challenge-to-parties</a></div>]]>
      </content:encoded>
      <link>https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/crisis-conflict-and-the-digital-challenge-to-parties</link>
      <atom:link rel="http://podlove.org/deep-link" href="https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/crisis-conflict-and-the-digital-challenge-to-parties"/>
      <psc:chapters xmlns:psc="http://podlove.org/simple-chapters" version="1.2">
        <psc:chapter start="00:00:00" title="Introduction"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:00:18" title="Crisis, conflict, and the digital challenge to parties"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:00:49" title="Signs of crisis and conflict of parties as institutions"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:07:49" title="Challenge through information"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:14:02" title="Challenge through coordination"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:19:47" title="Conclusion"/>
      </psc:chapters>
      <itunes:title>Crisis, conflict, and the digital challenge to parties</itunes:title>
      <itunes:duration>00:20:26</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:author>Andreas Jungherr</itunes:author>
      <itunes:season>1</itunes:season>
      <itunes:episode>16</itunes:episode>
      <itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
      <itunes:summary>
        <![CDATA[<div>In this episode, we will focus on digitally enabled challenges to political parties.</div>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>Digital media, challenges, institutions</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>no</itunes:explicit>
      <itunes:block>no</itunes:block>
      <googleplay:explicit>no</googleplay:explicit>
      <googleplay:block>no</googleplay:block>
      <podcast:chapters url="https://letscast.fm/podcasts/tech-and-politics-0fbe6359/episodes/crisis-conflict-and-the-digital-challenge-to-parties/chapters.json" type="application/json+chapters"/>
    </item>
    <item>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">d9c8ddddf07e4403ab1bd7250ce40074</guid>
      <title>How do digital media drive the challenge of institutions?</title>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[<div>In this episode, we will focus on the mechanisms through wich digital media allow challenges to social institutions.</div>]]>
      </description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Jun 2022 14:00:00 +0200</pubDate>
      <enclosure url="https://lcdn.letscast.fm/media/podcast/eb6d594a/episode/0a127a69.mp3?t=1655900147" length="20735753" type="audio/mpeg"/>
      <content:encoded>
        <![CDATA[<div>Democracies depend on structures that connect governments, political elites, and the public. They facilitate information flows between different actors and different societal levels in democracies. Institutions like political parties, interest groups, and the news media make publics visible to elites, elites visible to publics, and publics visible to each other. They enable information flows making visible or allowing for the social construction of concerns, grievances, and interests of publics to elites and governments, while making elites and governments visible and - within bounds - transparent to the public. In this function, they provide, aggregate, and filter information.<br><br>These institutions find themselves increasingly challenged by digital media enabled actors. In this episode, we discuss the mechanisms behind these challenges.<br><br><strong>Chapters:</strong><br><br>00:00 - Introduction<br>00:20 - Intermediary institutions and the flow of information in democracies<br>09:52 - Lowered costs of information production, distribution, and access<br>14:50 - Lowered coordination costs<br>20:52 - Conclusion<br><br><strong>Script:<br></strong><br><a href="http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/challenge.html#how-do-digital-media-drive-the-challenge-of-institutions">http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/challenge.html#how-do-digital-media-drive-the-challenge-of-institutions</a></div>]]>
      </content:encoded>
      <link>https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/how-do-digital-media-drive-the-challenge-of-institutions</link>
      <atom:link rel="http://podlove.org/deep-link" href="https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/how-do-digital-media-drive-the-challenge-of-institutions"/>
      <psc:chapters xmlns:psc="http://podlove.org/simple-chapters" version="1.2">
        <psc:chapter start="00:00:00" title="Introduction"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:00:20" title="Intermediary institutions and the flow of information in democracies"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:09:52" title="Lowered costs of information production, distribution, and access"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:14:50" title="Lowered coordination costs"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:20:52" title="Conclusion"/>
      </psc:chapters>
      <itunes:title>How do digital media drive the challenge of institutions?</itunes:title>
      <itunes:duration>00:21:36</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:author>Andreas Jungherr</itunes:author>
      <itunes:season>1</itunes:season>
      <itunes:episode>15</itunes:episode>
      <itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
      <itunes:summary>
        <![CDATA[<div>In this episode, we will focus on the mechanisms through wich digital media allow challenges to social institutions.</div>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>Digital Media, Challenge, Institutions, Information Cost, Coordination Cost</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>no</itunes:explicit>
      <itunes:block>no</itunes:block>
      <googleplay:explicit>no</googleplay:explicit>
      <googleplay:block>no</googleplay:block>
      <podcast:chapters url="https://letscast.fm/podcasts/tech-and-politics-0fbe6359/episodes/how-do-digital-media-drive-the-challenge-of-institutions/chapters.json" type="application/json+chapters"/>
    </item>
    <item>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">5d0983e2d4154c64a7953135cec2baea</guid>
      <title>Digital media and the challenge to institutions</title>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[<div>All over the world, we see people using digital media to question and challenge authorities, organizations, norms and behaviors they perceive as dysfunctional or unjust. Digital media are therefore an important element in the challenge of established social institutions, sometimes even enabling these challenges in the first place.</div>]]>
      </description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Jun 2022 23:00:00 +0200</pubDate>
      <enclosure url="https://lcdn.letscast.fm/media/podcast/eb6d594a/episode/0247b53c.mp3?t=1655846948" length="21259046" type="audio/mpeg"/>
      <content:encoded>
        <![CDATA[<div>Some of these challenges are aimed at expanding social representation and strengthening democratic participation. We find examples of this in the use of digital media by social movements, such as Black Lives Matter in the US. Other challenges aim to restrict representation and participation, as the example of the use of digital media by various right-wing populist movements and parties shows. Digital media can therefore contribute to strengthening societies and democracies as well as to weakening them.&nbsp;</div><div>&nbsp;</div><div>In this chapter, we will discuss this role of digital media in politics and society in detail.<br><br><strong>Chapters:</strong><br><br>00:00 - Introduction<br>00:19 - Digital media and the challenge to institutions<br>01:23 - What are institutions and what do they do?<br>13:30 - Digital media as staging area for challenges to institutions<br>21:28 - Conclusion<br><br><strong>Script:<br></strong><br><a href="http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/challenge.html">http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/challenge.html</a></div>]]>
      </content:encoded>
      <link>https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/digital-media-and-the-challenge-to-institutions</link>
      <atom:link rel="http://podlove.org/deep-link" href="https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/digital-media-and-the-challenge-to-institutions"/>
      <psc:chapters xmlns:psc="http://podlove.org/simple-chapters" version="1.2">
        <psc:chapter start="00:00:00" title="Introduction"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:00:19" title="Digital media and the challenge to institutions"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:01:23" title="What are institutions and what do they do?"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:13:30" title="Digital media as staging area for challenges to institutions"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:21:28" title="Conclusion"/>
      </psc:chapters>
      <itunes:title>Digital media and the challenge to institutions</itunes:title>
      <itunes:duration>00:22:09</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:author>Andreas Jungherr</itunes:author>
      <itunes:season>1</itunes:season>
      <itunes:episode>14</itunes:episode>
      <itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
      <itunes:summary>
        <![CDATA[<div>All over the world, we see people using digital media to question and challenge authorities, organizations, norms and behaviors they perceive as dysfunctional or unjust. Digital media are therefore an important element in the challenge of established social institutions, sometimes even enabling these challenges in the first place.</div>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>Digital Media, Challengers, Institutions</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>no</itunes:explicit>
      <itunes:block>no</itunes:block>
      <googleplay:explicit>no</googleplay:explicit>
      <googleplay:block>no</googleplay:block>
      <podcast:chapters url="https://letscast.fm/podcasts/tech-and-politics-0fbe6359/episodes/digital-media-and-the-challenge-to-institutions/chapters.json" type="application/json+chapters"/>
    </item>
    <item>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">97f3d5d5defd4ad2a3b4465d22a61e60</guid>
      <title>Data and algorithms in journalism</title>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[<div>In this episode, we will be looking at how the uses of data and algorithms change journalism.</div>]]>
      </description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 02 Jun 2022 07:30:00 +0200</pubDate>
      <enclosure url="https://lcdn.letscast.fm/media/podcast/eb6d594a/episode/57c29832.mp3?t=1654117704" length="25515116" type="audio/mpeg"/>
      <content:encoded>
        <![CDATA[<div>Another field heavily impacted by the uses of data and algorithms is journalism. Journalists and editors see themselves facing new opportunities for the measurement of the success and reach of their pieces with audiences by counting clicks on their sites and interaction metrics provided to them by platform companies used by them to steer audiences to news pieces. Algorithms also play a role in the way people are steered toward journalistic content. By the increasing dependency on digital platforms - like Facebook, Instagram, or Google - news media are subject to the algorithms these platforms use to prioritize or de-prioritize journalistic pieces. Accordingly, figuring out the mechanisms behind these algorithms and adapting one's pieces accordingly may come to matter. Finally, and potentially most disruptively, algorithms are increasingly used to produce journalistic pieces automatically, raising fears about the future of journalism as an occupation. Journalism offers a promising window into the field-specific impact and transformations driven by the increasing availability and uses of data and algorithms.<br><br><strong>Chapters:</strong><br><br>00:00 - Introduction<br>00:18 - Data and algorithms in journalism<br>08:36 - The use and perception of metrics in newsrooms<br>18:27 - Effects of metrics on audiences<br>22:40 - Uses and effects of data and algorithms in politics and society<br>25:55 - Conclusion<br><br><strong>Script to episode with references and further readings:<br><br></strong><a href="http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/docs/data-algos/data-algos_section4.html">http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/docs/data-algos/data-algos_section4.html</a></div>]]>
      </content:encoded>
      <link>https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/data-and-algorithms-in-journalism</link>
      <atom:link rel="http://podlove.org/deep-link" href="https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/data-and-algorithms-in-journalism"/>
      <psc:chapters xmlns:psc="http://podlove.org/simple-chapters" version="1.2">
        <psc:chapter start="00:00:00" title="Introduction"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:00:18" title="Data and algorithms in journalism"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:08:36" title="The use and perception of metrics in newsrooms"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:18:27" title="Effects of metrics on audiences"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:22:40" title="Uses and effects of data and algorithms in politics and society"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:25:55" title="Conclusion"/>
      </psc:chapters>
      <itunes:title>Data and algorithms in journalism</itunes:title>
      <itunes:duration>00:26:35</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:author>Andreas Jungherr</itunes:author>
      <itunes:season>1</itunes:season>
      <itunes:episode>13</itunes:episode>
      <itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
      <itunes:summary>
        <![CDATA[<div>In this episode, we will be looking at how the uses of data and algorithms change journalism.</div>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>Digital Media, Social Science, Data, Algorithms, Measurement, Metrics, Control, Journalism</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>no</itunes:explicit>
      <itunes:block>no</itunes:block>
      <googleplay:explicit>no</googleplay:explicit>
      <googleplay:block>no</googleplay:block>
      <podcast:chapters url="https://letscast.fm/podcasts/tech-and-politics-0fbe6359/episodes/data-and-algorithms-in-journalism/chapters.json" type="application/json+chapters"/>
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    <item>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">0c9cbfc21a44474bae57a2c863bf662a</guid>
      <title>Data and algorithms in political campaigning</title>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[<div>In this episode, we will be looking at how the uses of data and algorithms change political campaigning.</div>]]>
      </description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jun 2022 09:30:00 +0200</pubDate>
      <enclosure url="https://lcdn.letscast.fm/media/podcast/eb6d594a/episode/151357cd.mp3?t=1654026349" length="20426885" type="audio/mpeg"/>
      <content:encoded>
        <![CDATA[<div>One area in politics where we find pervasive uses of data and algorithms are political campaigns. Campaigners, candidates, and campaign organizations use data to see the electorate, populations of interest, and their volunteers. They use metrics to monitor their progress and measure their success. They sometimes even use algorithms in order to identify who to talk to and how to best approach them. While data and quantification play an increasing role in international campaigns, their use and contribution in campaigns in the USA is most pronounced and merits specific attention if we want to understand the principles of their use and effects.<br><br><strong>Chapters:</strong><br><br>00:00 - Introduction<br>00:20 - The uses and effects of data and algorithms in political campaigns<br>09:16 - How to keep volunteers engaged?<br>14:31 - How can we learn about the use of data an algorithms in campaigns?<br>20:39 - Conclusion<br><br><strong>Script to episode with references and further readings:<br></strong><br><a href="http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/docs/data-algos/data-algos_section3.html">http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/docs/data-algos/data-algos_section3.html</a></div>]]>
      </content:encoded>
      <link>https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/data-and-algorithms-in-political-campaigning</link>
      <atom:link rel="http://podlove.org/deep-link" href="https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/data-and-algorithms-in-political-campaigning"/>
      <psc:chapters xmlns:psc="http://podlove.org/simple-chapters" version="1.2">
        <psc:chapter start="00:00:00" title="Introduction"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:00:20" title="The uses and effects of data and algorithms in political campaigns"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:09:16" title="How to keep volunteers engaged?"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:14:31" title="How can we learn about the use of data an algorithms in campaigns?"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:20:39" title="Conclusion"/>
      </psc:chapters>
      <itunes:title>Data and algorithms in political campaigning</itunes:title>
      <itunes:duration>00:21:17</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:author>Andreas Jungherr</itunes:author>
      <itunes:season>1</itunes:season>
      <itunes:episode>12</itunes:episode>
      <itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
      <itunes:summary>
        <![CDATA[<div>In this episode, we will be looking at how the uses of data and algorithms change political campaigning.</div>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>Digital Media, Social Science, Data, Politics, Algorithms, Measurement, Metrics, Elections, Barack Obama, Donald Trump, Campaigning, Campaigns</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>no</itunes:explicit>
      <itunes:block>no</itunes:block>
      <googleplay:explicit>no</googleplay:explicit>
      <googleplay:block>no</googleplay:block>
      <podcast:chapters url="https://letscast.fm/podcasts/tech-and-politics-0fbe6359/episodes/data-and-algorithms-in-political-campaigning/chapters.json" type="application/json+chapters"/>
    </item>
    <item>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">4fd9b3094ce04630bfd47e48cf314bc8</guid>
      <title>Algorithms in politics and society</title>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[<div>In this episode, we will talk about algorithms, what they are, how they work, and concerns they create once applied broadly and in scale across society.</div>]]>
      </description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 May 2022 14:00:00 +0200</pubDate>
      <enclosure url="https://lcdn.letscast.fm/media/podcast/eb6d594a/episode/ff994522.mp3?t=1653999082" length="23993327" type="audio/mpeg"/>
      <content:encoded>
        <![CDATA[<div>A computer algorithm provides a computationally executable series of steps with the goal of solving a given task or problem. Algorithms are shaping people's option spaces in various areas of social life. This has given rise to broad concerns that are part of public debate but also of academic research. Concerns focus on the opaqueness of the uses of algorithms, their inner workings, and their effects; the fairness of their outcomes; and fears of unintended consequences once algorithms are rolled out in scale. This makes algorithms, their uses, mechanisms, and effects a prominent topic for social scientists engaged in understanding the use of digital technology in society.<br><br><strong>Chapters:</strong><br><br>00:00 - Introduction<br>00:21 - Algorithms<br>10:57 - Concerns<br>11:48 - Opaqueness<br>15:34 - Fairness<br>19:38 - Unintended consequences<br>24:26 - Conclusion<br><br><strong>Script to episode with references and further readings:<br><br></strong><a href="http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/docs/data-algos/data-algos_section2.html">http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/docs/data-algos/data-algos_section2.html</a></div>]]>
      </content:encoded>
      <link>https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/algorithms-in-politics-and-society</link>
      <atom:link rel="http://podlove.org/deep-link" href="https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/algorithms-in-politics-and-society"/>
      <psc:chapters xmlns:psc="http://podlove.org/simple-chapters" version="1.2">
        <psc:chapter start="00:00:00" title="Introduction"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:00:21" title="Algorithms"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:10:57" title="Concerns"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:11:48" title="Opaqueness"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:15:34" title="Fairness"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:19:38" title="Unintended consequences"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:24:26" title="Conclusion"/>
      </psc:chapters>
      <itunes:title>Algorithms in politics and society</itunes:title>
      <itunes:duration>00:25:00</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:author>Andreas Jungherr</itunes:author>
      <itunes:season>1</itunes:season>
      <itunes:episode>11</itunes:episode>
      <itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
      <itunes:summary>
        <![CDATA[<div>In this episode, we will talk about algorithms, what they are, how they work, and concerns they create once applied broadly and in scale across society.</div>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>Digital Media, Artificial Intelligence, AI, Social Science, Inequality, Data, Politics, Control, Algorithms, Biases, Fairness, Predictive Policing, High Frequency Trading, Algorithmic Trading</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>no</itunes:explicit>
      <itunes:block>no</itunes:block>
      <googleplay:explicit>no</googleplay:explicit>
      <googleplay:block>no</googleplay:block>
      <podcast:chapters url="https://letscast.fm/podcasts/tech-and-politics-0fbe6359/episodes/algorithms-in-politics-and-society/chapters.json" type="application/json+chapters"/>
    </item>
    <item>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">aea57424cb304790a739d175cb6330db</guid>
      <title>Data: Measurement, quantification, and control</title>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[<div>In this and the following episodes, we will be talking about data and algorithms with a special focus on their uses in and effects on politics. In this episode, we start with data.</div>]]>
      </description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 May 2022 22:00:00 +0200</pubDate>
      <enclosure url="https://lcdn.letscast.fm/media/podcast/eb6d594a/episode/f0e2d46b.mp3?t=1653941314" length="24468940" type="audio/mpeg"/>
      <content:encoded>
        <![CDATA[<div>Data collected with and on digital devices make new phenomena, objects, and behaviors visible to those with access to that data. Digital technology has extended the amount and depth of data on human behavior and social systems. This has been seen by some as a measurement revolution for the social sciences and as providing many new avenues to knowledge as well as new business opportunities. Still, these data riches have to be translated into meaningful measures of phenomena of interest and society. Without meaningful interpretation these new data remain noise machines, potentially even hiding the signal one is looking for in order to gain understanding or improvement.<br><br><strong>Chapters:</strong><br><br>00:00 - Introduction<br>00:21 - Data and algorithms in society<br>04:17 - Data and measurement<br>08:37 - Big data<br>14:10 - Data and control<br>19:46 - Metrics<br>24:53 - Conclusion<br><br><strong>Script to episode with references and further readings:<br></strong><br><a href="http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/docs/data-algos/data-algos_intro.html">http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/docs/data-algos/data-algos_intro.html</a></div>]]>
      </content:encoded>
      <link>https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/data-measurement-quantification-and-control</link>
      <atom:link rel="http://podlove.org/deep-link" href="https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/data-measurement-quantification-and-control"/>
      <psc:chapters xmlns:psc="http://podlove.org/simple-chapters" version="1.2">
        <psc:chapter start="00:00:00" title="Introduction"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:00:21" title="Data and algorithms in society"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:04:17" title="Data and measurement"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:08:37" title="Big data"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:14:10" title="Data and control"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:19:46" title="Metrics"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:24:53" title="Conclusion"/>
      </psc:chapters>
      <itunes:title>Data: Measurement, quantification, and control</itunes:title>
      <itunes:duration>00:25:29</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:author>Andreas Jungherr</itunes:author>
      <itunes:season>1</itunes:season>
      <itunes:episode>10</itunes:episode>
      <itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
      <itunes:summary>
        <![CDATA[<div>In this and the following episodes, we will be talking about data and algorithms with a special focus on their uses in and effects on politics. In this episode, we start with data.</div>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>Computational Social Science, Social Science, Digital Media, Data, Big Data, Data Science, Control, Metrics, Measurement</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>no</itunes:explicit>
      <itunes:block>no</itunes:block>
      <googleplay:explicit>no</googleplay:explicit>
      <googleplay:block>no</googleplay:block>
      <podcast:chapters url="https://letscast.fm/podcasts/tech-and-politics-0fbe6359/episodes/data-measurement-quantification-and-control/chapters.json" type="application/json+chapters"/>
    </item>
    <item>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">d44da835aeec4fe39539a3c082e07db4</guid>
      <title>The impact of artificial intelligence on equality and the competition between autocracies and democracies</title>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[<div>We continue our discussion about artificial intelligence and its impact on democracy. In this episode, we focus on AI's impact on equality and the competition between societies, some democratic, some not.</div>]]>
      </description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 May 2022 11:00:00 +0200</pubDate>
      <enclosure url="https://lcdn.letscast.fm/media/podcast/eb6d594a/episode/7e93e4e5.mp3?t=1652604634" length="23422852" type="audio/mpeg"/>
      <content:encoded>
        <![CDATA[<div>Can we still meaningfully speak of <em>equality of rights and representation</em> among people, if AI-based systems discriminate against minorities or the underprivileged? How do the known biases inherent in AI systems translate to democratic politics?&nbsp;</div><div>&nbsp;</div><div>Even more fundamentally, what does equality even mean when AI contributes to massive <em>power imbalances</em> between the companies running and developing AI and everyone else, including the government?&nbsp;</div><div>&nbsp;</div><div>To some commentators AI might also provide an <em>opportunity for autocracies</em> to get a leg up on democracies in the detection and solution to societal and political challenges. Traditionally, democracies were seen to be better at soliciting information about the state of their societies or the effects of interventions compared to autocracies. This information benefit was seen as one reason for democracies being able to outperform autocracies. AI might offset this benefit and allow autocracies to pass democracies by.</div><div><br><strong>Chapters:</strong><br><br>00:00 - Introduction<br>00:29 - Artificial intelligence and equality<br>08:31 - Artificial intelligence and power shifts between societies<br>17:53 - Artificial intelligence and democracy: The road ahead<br>23:38 - Conclusion<br><br><strong>Script to episode with references and further readings:<br><br></strong><a href="http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/docs/ai/ai_section3.html">http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/docs/ai/ai_section3.html</a></div>]]>
      </content:encoded>
      <link>https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/the-impact-of-artificial-intelligence-on-equality-and-the-competition-between-autocracies-and-democracies</link>
      <atom:link rel="http://podlove.org/deep-link" href="https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/the-impact-of-artificial-intelligence-on-equality-and-the-competition-between-autocracies-and-democracies"/>
      <psc:chapters xmlns:psc="http://podlove.org/simple-chapters" version="1.2">
        <psc:chapter start="00:00:00" title="Introduction"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:00:29" title="Artificial intelligence and equality"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:08:31" title="Artificial intelligence and power shifts between societies"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:17:53" title="Artificial intelligence and democracy: The road ahead"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:23:38" title="Conclusion"/>
      </psc:chapters>
      <itunes:title>The impact of artificial intelligence on equality and the competition between autocracies and democracies</itunes:title>
      <itunes:duration>00:24:24</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:author>Andreas Jungherr</itunes:author>
      <itunes:season>1</itunes:season>
      <itunes:episode>9</itunes:episode>
      <itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
      <itunes:summary>
        <![CDATA[<div>We continue our discussion about artificial intelligence and its impact on democracy. In this episode, we focus on AI's impact on equality and the competition between societies, some democratic, some not.</div>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>AI, Artificial Intelligence, Equality, China, Social Credit System, Autocracies, Inequality, Democracy</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>no</itunes:explicit>
      <itunes:block>no</itunes:block>
      <googleplay:explicit>no</googleplay:explicit>
      <googleplay:block>no</googleplay:block>
      <podcast:chapters url="https://letscast.fm/podcasts/tech-and-politics-0fbe6359/episodes/the-impact-of-artificial-intelligence-on-equality-and-the-competition-between-autocracies-and-democracies/chapters.json" type="application/json+chapters"/>
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      <title>The impact of artificial intelligence on elections and people's informational autonomy</title>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[<div>In this and the following episode, we will be talking about artificial intelligence and its impact on democracy. In this episode, we will start by discussing AI's role in elections and its impact on people's informational autonomy.</div>]]>
      </description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 13 May 2022 11:00:00 +0200</pubDate>
      <enclosure url="https://lcdn.letscast.fm/media/podcast/eb6d594a/episode/c1aea925.mp3?t=1652434136" length="26585123" type="audio/mpeg"/>
      <content:encoded>
        <![CDATA[<div>AI raises questions with regard to the <em>integrity of elections</em> as an adjudication process for the conflict between political factions. In the age of the perceived predictability of people's political attitudes and behavior, can there be free and fair elections in which each faction conceivably might rise to power?<br><br>Is it still plausible that <em>people are able to make political and societal decisions</em>? For one, are information environments shaped by artificial intelligence based on the preferences of people still adequate to the task of creating informed publics able to form political opinions according to their interests? Going further, are scenarios provided by AI to experts about the future of complex issues not better decision makers than the people following their passions and their interests? How does democratic decision making hold up against this new environment.<br><br><strong>Chapters:</strong><br><br>00:00 - Introduction<br>04:46 - Artificial intelligence and elections<br>14:09 - Artificial intelligence and people's informational autonomy<br>15:45 - Free expression<br>19:02 - Access to information<br>21:28 - Manipulation<br>23:30 - Expert rule<br>26:49 - Conclusion<br><br><strong>Script to episode with references and further readings:<br></strong><br><a href="http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/docs/ai/ai_section3.html">http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/docs/ai/ai_section3.html</a></div>]]>
      </content:encoded>
      <link>https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/the-impact-of-artificial-intelligence-on-elections-and-people-s-informational-autonomy</link>
      <atom:link rel="http://podlove.org/deep-link" href="https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/the-impact-of-artificial-intelligence-on-elections-and-people-s-informational-autonomy"/>
      <psc:chapters xmlns:psc="http://podlove.org/simple-chapters" version="1.2">
        <psc:chapter start="00:00:00" title="Introduction"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:04:46" title="Artificial intelligence and elections"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:14:09" title="Artificial intelligence and people's informational autonomy"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:15:45" title="Free expression"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:19:02" title="Access to information"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:21:28" title="Manipulation"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:23:30" title="Expert rule"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:26:49" title="Conclusion"/>
      </psc:chapters>
      <itunes:title>The impact of artificial intelligence on elections and people's informational autonomy</itunes:title>
      <itunes:duration>00:27:42</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:author>Andreas Jungherr</itunes:author>
      <itunes:season>1</itunes:season>
      <itunes:episode>8</itunes:episode>
      <itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
      <itunes:summary>
        <![CDATA[<div>In this and the following episode, we will be talking about artificial intelligence and its impact on democracy. In this episode, we will start by discussing AI's role in elections and its impact on people's informational autonomy.</div>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>Artificial Intelligence, AI, Democracy, Elections, Free Expression, Information Access, Experts, Filter Bubbles, Manipulation</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>no</itunes:explicit>
      <itunes:block>no</itunes:block>
      <googleplay:explicit>no</googleplay:explicit>
      <googleplay:block>no</googleplay:block>
      <podcast:chapters url="https://letscast.fm/podcasts/tech-and-politics-0fbe6359/episodes/the-impact-of-artificial-intelligence-on-elections-and-people-s-informational-autonomy/chapters.json" type="application/json+chapters"/>
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    <item>
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      <title>Conditions for the successful application of artificial intelligence</title>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[<div>In this episode, we will be talking about the conditions for the successful application of artificial intelligence across different areas.</div>]]>
      </description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 11 May 2022 21:00:00 +0200</pubDate>
      <enclosure url="https://lcdn.letscast.fm/media/podcast/eb6d594a/episode/371dc0be.mp3?t=1652297335" length="23589196" type="audio/mpeg"/>
      <content:encoded>
        <![CDATA[<div>Going forward, we will be focusing on the uses and effects of narrow AI on politics and democracy. To do so, we first need to figure out what it is exactly that AI changes in these areas. In other words, what is AI good at? What becomes cheaper or easier to do? And, for which types of problems does this work?<br><br><strong>Chapters:</strong><br><br>00:00 - Introduction<br>00:56 - Predictions<br>08:08 - Machine readable<br>11:30 - Abundant outcomes<br>15:45 - Stability over time<br>19:58 - Reinforcing structural inequalities<br>23:55 - Conclusion<br><br><strong>Script to episode with references and further readings:<br></strong><br><a href="http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/docs/ai/ai_section2.html">http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/docs/ai/ai_section2.html</a></div>]]>
      </content:encoded>
      <link>https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/conditions-for-the-successful-application-of-artificial-intelligence</link>
      <atom:link rel="http://podlove.org/deep-link" href="https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/conditions-for-the-successful-application-of-artificial-intelligence"/>
      <psc:chapters xmlns:psc="http://podlove.org/simple-chapters" version="1.2">
        <psc:chapter start="00:00:00" title="Introduction"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:00:56" title="Predictions"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:08:08" title="Machine readable"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:11:30" title="Abundant outcomes"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:15:45" title="Stability over time"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:19:58" title="Reinforcing structural inequalities"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:23:55" title="Conclusion"/>
      </psc:chapters>
      <itunes:title>Conditions for the successful application of artificial intelligence</itunes:title>
      <itunes:duration>00:24:34</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:author>Andreas Jungherr</itunes:author>
      <itunes:season>1</itunes:season>
      <itunes:episode>7</itunes:episode>
      <itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
      <itunes:summary>
        <![CDATA[<div>In this episode, we will be talking about the conditions for the successful application of artificial intelligence across different areas.</div>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>Artificial Intelligence, AI, Prediction, Inequality</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>no</itunes:explicit>
      <itunes:block>no</itunes:block>
      <googleplay:explicit>no</googleplay:explicit>
      <googleplay:block>no</googleplay:block>
      <podcast:chapters url="https://letscast.fm/podcasts/tech-and-politics-0fbe6359/episodes/conditions-for-the-successful-application-of-artificial-intelligence/chapters.json" type="application/json+chapters"/>
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    <item>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">fbe77d3bf82940e39a5ca555b8035344</guid>
      <title>Artificial intelligence and democracy</title>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[<div>We encounter AIs daily, be it in the voice assistants in our homes and phones, through automation in our workplace, or as the drivers of policing or credit decisions. In this and the following episodes, we focus on the impact of AI on democracy.</div>]]>
      </description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 10 May 2022 09:00:00 +0200</pubDate>
      <enclosure url="https://lcdn.letscast.fm/media/podcast/eb6d594a/episode/9e262fba.mp3?t=1652166746" length="24516603" type="audio/mpeg"/>
      <content:encoded>
        <![CDATA[<div>AI is a largely invisible feature of our daily lives with clear consequences for us as citizens and consumers. Examining the workings and real-world consequences of actually existing artificial intelligence is important. To do so, we first start with a discussion of what artificial intellence is and is not.<br><br><strong>Chapters:</strong><br><br>00:00 - Introduction<br>00:21 - Artificial intelligence and democracy<br>04:52 - What is artificial intelligence?<br>12:46 - Narrow artificial intelligence versus artificial general intelligence<br>24:51 - Conclusion<br><br><strong>Script to episode with references and further readings:</strong><br><br><a href="http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/docs/ai/ai_intro.html">http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/docs/ai/ai_intro.html</a></div>]]>
      </content:encoded>
      <link>https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/artificial-intelligence-and-democracy</link>
      <atom:link rel="http://podlove.org/deep-link" href="https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/artificial-intelligence-and-democracy"/>
      <psc:chapters xmlns:psc="http://podlove.org/simple-chapters" version="1.2">
        <psc:chapter start="00:00:00" title="Introduction"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:00:21" title="Artificial intelligence and democracy"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:04:52" title="What is artificial intelligence?"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:12:46" title="Narrow artificial intelligence versus artificial general intelligence"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:24:51" title="Conclusion"/>
      </psc:chapters>
      <itunes:title>Artificial intelligence and democracy</itunes:title>
      <itunes:duration>00:25:32</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:author>Andreas Jungherr</itunes:author>
      <itunes:season>1</itunes:season>
      <itunes:episode>6</itunes:episode>
      <itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
      <itunes:summary>
        <![CDATA[<div>We encounter AIs daily, be it in the voice assistants in our homes and phones, through automation in our workplace, or as the drivers of policing or credit decisions. In this and the following episodes, we focus on the impact of AI on democracy.</div>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>Artificial Intelligence, Democracy, Narrow AI, AI, General Artificial Intelligence</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>no</itunes:explicit>
      <itunes:block>no</itunes:block>
      <googleplay:explicit>no</googleplay:explicit>
      <googleplay:block>no</googleplay:block>
      <podcast:chapters url="https://letscast.fm/podcasts/tech-and-politics-0fbe6359/episodes/artificial-intelligence-and-democracy/chapters.json" type="application/json+chapters"/>
    </item>
    <item>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">6dbcd413d762481ab5abef1129656928</guid>
      <title>Digital trace data: Typical approaches in computational social science 2</title>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[<div>In computational social science there are great hopes and enthusiasms connected with the availability of new data sources. In this episode, we will be talking about working with one of these new data sources: digital trace data.</div>]]>
      </description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 08 May 2022 13:00:00 +0200</pubDate>
      <enclosure url="https://lcdn.letscast.fm/media/podcast/eb6d594a/episode/1100bb2e.mp3?t=1652007701" length="33195148" type="audio/mpeg"/>
      <content:encoded>
        <![CDATA[<div>Once people interact with digital devices (such as smart phones and smart devices) and services (such as Facebook or Twitter), their digitally mediated interactions leave traces on devices and services. Some of those are discarded, some are stored. Some are available only to the device maker or service provider, some are available to researchers. This last category of digital trace data, those that are stored and available to researchers, has spawned a lot of research activity and enthusiasm over a new measurement revolution in the social sciences. But somewhat more than ten years into this "revolution", the limits of digital trace data for social science research are becoming just as clear as their promises. Before we look at studies using digital trace data, it is therefore necessary that we look a little more closely at what they are, what characteristics they share, and how this impacts scientific work with them.<br><br><strong>Chapters:</strong><br><br>00:00 - Introduction<br>00:18 - Digital trace data<br>12:11 - Digital trace data in political science<br>15:42 - Making sense of online censorship decisions<br>21:24 - It's attention, not support!<br>30:03 - Learning about the world with computational social science<br>33:49 - Conclusion<br><br><strong>Script to episode with references and further readings:</strong><br><br><a href="http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/css.html#digital-trace-data-typical-approaches-in-computational-social-science-2">http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/css.html#digital-trace-data-typical-approaches-in-computational-social-science-2</a></div>]]>
      </content:encoded>
      <link>https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/digital-trace-data-typical-approaches-in-computational-social-science-2</link>
      <atom:link rel="http://podlove.org/deep-link" href="https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/digital-trace-data-typical-approaches-in-computational-social-science-2"/>
      <psc:chapters xmlns:psc="http://podlove.org/simple-chapters" version="1.2">
        <psc:chapter start="00:00:00" title="Introduction"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:00:18" title="Digital trace data"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:12:11" title="Digital trace data in political science"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:15:42" title="Making sense of online censorship decisions"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:21:24" title="It's attention, not support!"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:30:03" title="Learning about the world with computational social science"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:33:49" title="Conclusion"/>
      </psc:chapters>
      <itunes:title>Digital trace data: Typical approaches in computational social science 2</itunes:title>
      <itunes:duration>00:34:35</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:author>Andreas Jungherr</itunes:author>
      <itunes:season>1</itunes:season>
      <itunes:episode>5</itunes:episode>
      <itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
      <itunes:summary>
        <![CDATA[<div>In computational social science there are great hopes and enthusiasms connected with the availability of new data sources. In this episode, we will be talking about working with one of these new data sources: digital trace data.</div>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>Computational Social Science, Digital Trace Data, Text Analysis, Social Science, Methods</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>no</itunes:explicit>
      <itunes:block>no</itunes:block>
      <googleplay:explicit>no</googleplay:explicit>
      <googleplay:block>no</googleplay:block>
      <podcast:chapters url="https://letscast.fm/podcasts/tech-and-politics-0fbe6359/episodes/digital-trace-data-typical-approaches-in-computational-social-science-2/chapters.json" type="application/json+chapters"/>
    </item>
    <item>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">c5ffbda0aec8495e8a5594ee3347cba3</guid>
      <title>Text analysis: Typical approaches in computational social science 1</title>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[<div>Text analysis is a prominently used approach from computational social science. In this episode, we examine three recent studies closely, that are using text analysis in interesting and constructive ways.</div>]]>
      </description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 06 May 2022 18:00:00 +0200</pubDate>
      <enclosure url="https://lcdn.letscast.fm/media/podcast/eb6d594a/episode/62cfc758.mp3?t=1651853642" length="21924875" type="audio/mpeg"/>
      <content:encoded>
        <![CDATA[<div>Text is a rich medium reflecting cultural and political concepts, ideas, agendas, tactics, events, and power structures of the time. Large text corpora open windows and allow comparisons across countries, cultures, and time. Different types of text contain representations of different slices of culture, politics, and social life. They therefor are of interest to various subfields in the social sciences and humanities. By collecting and preparing for analysis large text corpora scholars can access and make available vast troves of knowledge on various questions and in different subfields. The tremendous collective efforts in digitizing and making available text corpora are a massive accelerating factor in this effort. Let's have a closer look.<br><br><strong>Chapters:</strong><br><br>00:00 - Introduction<br>00:22 - Text analysis in political science<br>05:43 - Making sense of party competition during the 2015 refugee crisis with a bag of words<br>11:51 - Who lives in the past, the present, or the future? A supervised learning approach<br>15:48 - Political innovation in the French Revolution<br>22:15 - Conclusion<br><br><strong>Script to episode with references and further readings:</strong><br><br><a href="http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/css.html#text-analysis-typical-approaches-in-computational-social-science-1">http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/css.html#text-analysis-typical-approaches-in-computational-social-science-1</a></div>]]>
      </content:encoded>
      <link>https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/text-analysis-typical-approaches-in-computational-social-science-1</link>
      <atom:link rel="http://podlove.org/deep-link" href="https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/text-analysis-typical-approaches-in-computational-social-science-1"/>
      <psc:chapters xmlns:psc="http://podlove.org/simple-chapters" version="1.2">
        <psc:chapter start="00:00:00" title="Introduction"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:00:22" title="Text analysis in political science"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:05:43" title="Making sense of party competition during the 2015 refugee crisis with a bag of words"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:11:51" title="Who lives in the past, the present, or the future? A supervised learning approach"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:15:48" title="Political innovation in the French Revolution"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:22:15" title="Conclusion"/>
      </psc:chapters>
      <itunes:title>Text analysis: Typical approaches in computational social science 1</itunes:title>
      <itunes:duration>00:22:50</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:author>Andreas Jungherr</itunes:author>
      <itunes:season>1</itunes:season>
      <itunes:episode>4</itunes:episode>
      <itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
      <itunes:summary>
        <![CDATA[<div>Text analysis is a prominently used approach from computational social science. In this episode, we examine three recent studies closely, that are using text analysis in interesting and constructive ways.</div>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>Text Analysis, Computational Social Science, Methods, Press Releases, Party Manifestos, Parliamentary Speeches</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>no</itunes:explicit>
      <itunes:block>no</itunes:block>
      <googleplay:explicit>no</googleplay:explicit>
      <googleplay:block>no</googleplay:block>
      <podcast:chapters url="https://letscast.fm/podcasts/tech-and-politics-0fbe6359/episodes/text-analysis-typical-approaches-in-computational-social-science-1/chapters.json" type="application/json+chapters"/>
    </item>
    <item>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">24eb9dc68de448febd47a3853578b282</guid>
      <title>The computational social science project pipeline</title>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[<div>Our discussion of computational social science and its promises and challenges has remained rather abstract. It is time to turn to CSS as a practice. For this, let's have a look at the typical CSS project pipeline.</div>]]>
      </description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 04 May 2022 16:00:00 +0200</pubDate>
      <enclosure url="https://lcdn.letscast.fm/media/podcast/eb6d594a/episode/f28fc6b8.mp3?t=1651674059" length="21473177" type="audio/mpeg"/>
      <content:encoded>
        <![CDATA[<div>While CSS projects come in a stunning variety of data sets used, methods employed, and questions asked, more often than not, these projects share a pipeline of tasks, problems, and decisions that is typical for CSS. Examining this pipeline allows us to think about engaging in CSS as a practice, while at the same time providing you with a blueprint for potential research projects that might lie in your future.&nbsp;</div><div><br></div><div><strong>Chapters:</strong><br><br>00:00 - Introduction<br>01:25 - Research design</div><div>05:38 - Data collection</div><div>08:41 - Data preparation</div><div>10:00 - Linking signals in data to phenomena of interest</div><div>12:30 - Data analysis&nbsp;</div><div>16:33 - Presentation<br>21:33 - Conclusion<br><br><strong>Script to episode with references and further readings:</strong><br><br><a href="http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/css.html#the-computational-social-science-project-pipeline">http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/css.html#the-computational-social-science-project-pipeline</a></div>]]>
      </content:encoded>
      <link>https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/the-computational-social-science-project-pipeline</link>
      <atom:link rel="http://podlove.org/deep-link" href="https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/the-computational-social-science-project-pipeline"/>
      <psc:chapters xmlns:psc="http://podlove.org/simple-chapters" version="1.2">
        <psc:chapter start="00:00:00" title="Introduction"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:01:25" title="Research design"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:05:38" title="Data collection"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:08:41" title="Data preparation"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:10:00" title="Linking signals in data to phenomena of interest"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:12:30" title="Data analysis"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:16:33" title="Presentation"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:21:33" title="Conclusion"/>
      </psc:chapters>
      <itunes:title>The computational social science project pipeline</itunes:title>
      <itunes:duration>00:22:22</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:author>Andreas Jungherr</itunes:author>
      <itunes:season>1</itunes:season>
      <itunes:episode>3</itunes:episode>
      <itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
      <itunes:summary>
        <![CDATA[<div>Our discussion of computational social science and its promises and challenges has remained rather abstract. It is time to turn to CSS as a practice. For this, let's have a look at the typical CSS project pipeline.</div>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>Digital Trace Data, Computational Social Science, Research, Methods</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>no</itunes:explicit>
      <itunes:block>no</itunes:block>
      <googleplay:explicit>no</googleplay:explicit>
      <googleplay:block>no</googleplay:block>
      <podcast:chapters url="https://letscast.fm/podcasts/tech-and-politics-0fbe6359/episodes/the-computational-social-science-project-pipeline/chapters.json" type="application/json+chapters"/>
    </item>
    <item>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">9252fc57516c4d6daec8ced0453212e5</guid>
      <title>What is Computational Social Science?</title>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[<div>Computational social science (CSS) is an interdisciplinary scientific field that studies human behavior and social systems using computational methods and research practices. In this episode, we will discuss CSS, what makes it different from other approaches in the social sciences, and attempt a definition.</div>]]>
      </description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 02 May 2022 20:00:00 +0200</pubDate>
      <enclosure url="https://lcdn.letscast.fm/media/podcast/eb6d594a/episode/d87314df.mp3?t=1651514267" length="21140453" type="audio/mpeg"/>
      <content:encoded>
        <![CDATA[<div>Computational social science (CSS) is an interdisciplinary scientific field that studies human behavior and social systems using computational methods and research practices. This includes developing and testing theoretical assumptions but also the systematic description of the behavior of people, organizations, institutions and complex socio-technical systems. A defining characteristic of CSS is the close interdisciplinary cooperation between social sciences, computer science, and natural sciences. Different research fields complement each other in the investigation of social phenomena and processes through their different perspectives and core competencies. The aim of CSS is both to understand new social phenomena triggered by digitization and to develop new perspectives on traditional research interests in social science. Both endeavors are significantly shaped by the use of new data sets and analytical methods made available through digital technology.<br><br>In this episode, we will be laying some foundations for using CSS to better understand the impact of digital media on politics and society. We will discuss what the term computational social science means, what makes it different from other approaches in the social sciences, and try our hands at a definition.<br><br><strong>Chapters:</strong><br><br>00:00:00 - Introduction<br>00:02:31 - The promise of computational social science<br>00:12:27 - Computational social science: A definition<br>00:21:20 - Conclusion<br><br><strong>Script to episode with references and further readings:</strong><br><br><a href="http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/css.html">http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/css.html</a></div>]]>
      </content:encoded>
      <link>https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/what-is-computational-social-science</link>
      <atom:link rel="http://podlove.org/deep-link" href="https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/what-is-computational-social-science"/>
      <psc:chapters xmlns:psc="http://podlove.org/simple-chapters" version="1.2">
        <psc:chapter start="00:00:00" title="Introduction"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:02:31" title="The promise of computational social science"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:12:27" title="Computational social science: A definition"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:21:20" title="Conclusion"/>
      </psc:chapters>
      <itunes:title>What is Computational Social Science?</itunes:title>
      <itunes:duration>00:22:01</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:author>Andreas Jungherr</itunes:author>
      <itunes:season>1</itunes:season>
      <itunes:episode>2</itunes:episode>
      <itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
      <itunes:summary>
        <![CDATA[<div>Computational social science (CSS) is an interdisciplinary scientific field that studies human behavior and social systems using computational methods and research practices. In this episode, we will discuss CSS, what makes it different from other approaches in the social sciences, and attempt a definition.</div>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>Social Science, Computational Social Science, Data, Digital Trace Data</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>no</itunes:explicit>
      <itunes:block>no</itunes:block>
      <googleplay:explicit>no</googleplay:explicit>
      <googleplay:block>no</googleplay:block>
      <podcast:chapters url="https://letscast.fm/podcasts/tech-and-politics-0fbe6359/episodes/what-is-computational-social-science/chapters.json" type="application/json+chapters"/>
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    <item>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">6dc3db9786d948c98b595d6cabd55895</guid>
      <title>Digital media in politics and society</title>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[<div>The goal of this lecture series is to help you to make sense of digital media, the changes it brings, and the challenges it presents. In order to do so, we look at some of the biggest controversies about the uses of digital media in politics and society. We look beyond the headlines and see what kind of scientific evidence is available, how this evidence is produced, and what it does tell us about the role of digital media in politics and society. This podcast will introduce you to the best available evidence on ongoing controversies, enable you to ask better questions on the role of digital media in politics and society, and show you the tools that allow you to answer them. Digital media are hear to stay. No matter how much some people might wish, there is no way back to a time and politics before. So, we'd better start figuring out how this works.</div>]]>
      </description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Apr 2022 17:00:00 +0200</pubDate>
      <enclosure url="https://lcdn.letscast.fm/media/podcast/eb6d594a/episode/c4a26fea.mp3?t=1650992751" length="32528509" type="audio/mpeg"/>
      <content:encoded>
        <![CDATA[<div>Introduction - Defining digital media - Characteristics of digital media - Digitization and Digitalization - Lowered information costs - Interactivity - Networks - A (very) brief history of digital media - Cultures - Housekeeping - Coda<br><br>Script to episode with references and further readings:&nbsp;<a href="http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/intro.html">http://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/intro.html</a></div>]]>
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      <link>https://tech-and-politics.letscast.fm/episode/digital-media-in-politics-and-society</link>
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        <psc:chapter start="00:00:00" title="Introduction"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:04:44" title="Defining digital media"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:08:02" title="Characteristics of digital media"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:08:21" title="Digitization and Digitalization"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:11:06" title="Lowered information costs"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:12:53" title="Interactivity"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:15:40" title="Networks"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:17:06" title="A (very) brief history of digital media"/>
        <psc:chapter start="00:23:32" title="Cultures"/>
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      <itunes:title>Digital media in politics and society</itunes:title>
      <itunes:duration>00:33:53</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:author>Andreas Jungherr</itunes:author>
      <itunes:season>1</itunes:season>
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        <![CDATA[<div>The goal of this lecture series is to help you to make sense of digital media, the changes it brings, and the challenges it presents. In order to do so, we look at some of the biggest controversies about the uses of digital media in politics and society. We look beyond the headlines and see what kind of scientific evidence is available, how this evidence is produced, and what it does tell us about the role of digital media in politics and society. This podcast will introduce you to the best available evidence on ongoing controversies, enable you to ask better questions on the role of digital media in politics and society, and show you the tools that allow you to answer them. Digital media are hear to stay. No matter how much some people might wish, there is no way back to a time and politics before. So, we'd better start figuring out how this works.</div>]]>
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      <title>Trailer: Tech and Politics</title>
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        <![CDATA[<div>Trailer for Tech &amp; Politics, the podcast of the Chair for Governance of Complex and Innovative Technological Systems at the University of Bamberg.</div>]]>
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      <pubDate>Tue, 12 Apr 2022 18:00:00 +0200</pubDate>
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        <![CDATA[<div>Website for podcast with episode scripts, references, and further readings:<br><br><a href="https://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/">https://digitalmedia.andreasjungherr.de/</a></div>]]>
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      <itunes:title>Trailer: Tech and Politics</itunes:title>
      <itunes:subtitle>Trailer</itunes:subtitle>
      <itunes:duration>00:02:41</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:author>Andreas Jungherr</itunes:author>
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        <![CDATA[<div>Trailer for Tech &amp; Politics, the podcast of the Chair for Governance of Complex and Innovative Technological Systems at the University of Bamberg.</div>]]>
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